Near-threshold Electron Emission Spectroscopy to Characterize Nanoobjects for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Rapid implementation of nanoobjects for biomedical applications needs simple techniques to characterize them. Great attention is paid to the surface of nanoobjects. Its electrical charge has a significant influence on the interaction of the nanoobjects with biostructures. The article reviews the fundamentals and applications of near-threshold electron emission spectroscopy to characterize and control the electrical charge deposited on the surfaces of nanoobjects.