From hydrogen detection to energy harvesting: advances in self-sustaining sensing technologies from a materials perspective

Abstract

The integration of energy supply with sensing technologies is enabling a new generation of autonomous sensors that address challenges in environmental, biomedical, and industrial applications. Recent basic research ideas in self-powered sensors are highlighted, focusing on innovative material systems and energy harvesting strategies that combine detection ideas for sustainable energy systems like fuel cells, electrical systems or living matter. Ultra-selective hydrogen detection is achieved through core-shell structures featuring tetrapodal zinc oxide (t-ZnO) with a crystalline copper oxide (CuO) coating, which enhances sensitivity at low operational temperatures. This advanced heterostructure demonstrates how surface engineering can improve sensor performance, particularly for environmental monitoring applications.